Cov Hluav Taws Xob Siab, Nruab Nrab, Qis, thiab Ultra-High raug faib ua pawg li cas hauv Cov Tshuab Fais Fab?

Kev faib tawm ntawm cov theem hluav taws xob hauv cov kab ke fais fab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom muaj kev xa hluav taws xob zoo, kev faib tawm, thiab kev nyab xeeb. Cov qib hluav taws xob txiav txim siab seb hluav taws xob raug thauj mus los li cas hla cov kab sib txuas, sib npaug rau kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab kev lag luam, thiab hloov kho rau ntau yam kev siv. Tsab xov xwm no tshawb nrhiav cov qauv thiab cov qauv tswj hwm cov kev faib tawm no, nrog rau kev tsom mus rauhluav taws xob siab (HV), ​Qhov hluav taws xob nruab nrab (MV), ​Qhov hluav taws xob qis (LV), thiabLub zog hluav taws xob siab heev (UHV).

1. Cov Qauv Kev Faib Tawm Hluav Taws Xob​

Cov theem voltage yog feem ntau txhais los ntawmcov qauv hluav taws xob(piv txwv li, IEC, IEEE, cov cai hauv tebchaws) thiabcov kev cai ua haujlwm, suav nrog:

• ​Kev sib kis nrugCov hluav taws xob siab dua txo qhov poob zog ntawm qhov deb.
• ​Lub peev xwm fais fab: Cov hluav taws xob siab dua ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hluav taws xob ntau dua.
• ​Kev tsim khoom sivKev rwb thaiv tsev, kev txias, thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom siv nyob ntawm qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm hluav taws xob.
• ​Cov qauv ntawm daim phiajCov theem hluav taws xob sib phim nrog cov kab ke sib luag (tiam → kis → faib).

​2. Cov Lus Txhais Qib Voltage​

​Hluav Taws Xob Qis (LV)​

• ​Ntau yam≤1,000 V (AC) los yog ≤1,500 V (DC).
• ​Cov ntawv thov:

• Kev muab hluav taws xob rau tsev neeg thiab kev lag luam (piv txwv li, 220V/380V hauv Suav teb, 120V/240V hauv North America).
• Cov khoom siv me me, teeb pom kev zoo, thiab cov tshuab ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam.
  • ​Cov Nta Tseem Ceeb:
• Txuas ncaj qha rau cov neeg siv kawg.
• Yuav tsum tau muaj kev rwb thaiv tsev tsawg kawg nkaus vim yog kev ntxhov siab tsawg.

​Nruab Nrab Voltage (MV)​

• ​Ntau yam: 1 kV txog 35 kV (txawv ntawm thaj tsam).

• Tuam Tshoj10 kV–35 kV.
• Tebchaws Europe11 kV–20 kV.
  • ​Cov ntawv thov:
• Kev faib tawm hauv nroog thiab kev lag luam.
• Cov kab txuas cov substations rau LV networks.
  • ​Cov Nta Tseem Ceeb:
• Sib npaug qhov ua tau zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb rau kev sib kis nruab nrab.
• Siv cov cables lossis cov kab saum toj kawg nkaus uas muaj kev rwb thaiv tsev nruab nrab.

​Hluav Taws Xob Siab (HV)​

• ​Ntau yam: 35 kV txog 220 kV.
• ​Cov ntawv thov:

• Kev sib kis hauv cheeb tsam ntawm cov nroog.
• Kev xa hluav taws xob ntau los ntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob mus rau cov chaw hloov pauv.
  • ​Cov Nta Tseem Ceeb:
• Yuav tsum muaj cov khoom rwb thaiv tsev thiab cov tshuab cua txias uas ruaj khov.
• Txhawb nqa kev ntws hluav taws xob ntau dua 100–500 km.

​Hluav Taws Xob Siab Heev (UHV)​

• ​THIAB UHV≥1,000 kV.
• ​DC UHV≥ ± 800 kV.
• ​Cov ntawv thov:

• Cov kev sib txuas lus hluav taws xob hla teb chaws (piv txwv li, Tuam Tshoj txoj kab hluav taws xob 1,100 kV AC).
• Kev sib kis tau deb, muaj peev xwm siab (piv txwv li, 2,000–3,000 km).
  • ​Cov Nta Tseem Ceeb:
• Txo qhov poob ntawm kev sib kis mus rau
• Pab kom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub zog rov ua dua tshiab (piv txwv li, cov chaw ua liaj ua teb hnub ci hauv cov suab puam).

​3. Kev Xav Txog Kev Siv Tshuab thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm​

​Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Xaiv Hluav Taws Xob​

• ​Cov kauj ruam transformersntawm cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nce qhov hluav taws xob mus rau HV / UHV rau kev xa xov.
• ​Cov kauj ruam-down transformersntawm cov chaw hloov hluav taws xob txo qhov hluav taws xob mus rau MV / LV rau cov neeg siv kawg.
• ​Kev ruaj khov ntawm lub gridCov hluav taws xob siab dua xav tau cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv siab heev (piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob tawg, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntau dhau).

​Kev Cuam Tshuam Txog Kev Lag Luam thiab Ib puag ncig​

• ​Kev siv nyiaj kom zooCov kab UHV nqa 4–5 × ntau dua li cov kab 500 kV, txo cov nqi tsim kho vaj tse rau ib chav.
• ​Kev siv avCov kev hauv UHV siv qhov chaw tsawg dua li ntau txoj kab hluav taws xob qis sib luag.
• ​Kev txo cov pa roj carbon: Kev xa hluav taws xob zoo txhawb nqa kev siv hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab.

​4. Kev Hloov Pauv Thoob Ntiaj Teb hauv Cov Qauv Voltage​

Txawm hais tias cov qauv IEC muab cov qauv, cov kev coj ua hauv tebchaws txawv:

• ​Tuam Tshoj:

• UHV AC: 1,000 kV; DC: ± 800 kV (piv txwv li, Xiangjiaba-Shanghai kab).
• MV: 10 kV–35 kV.
  • ​Tebchaws Europe:
• HV: 110 kV–220 kV; UHV: 380 kV (AC) thiab ±500 kV (DC).
  • ​Tebchaws Asmeskas Qaum Teb:
• HV: 69 kV–230 kV; UHV: 500 kV (AC) thiab ±800 kV (DC).

​5. Cov Qauv Yav Tom Ntej​

• ​Cov ntse gridsKev koom ua ke ntawm IoT rau kev saib xyuas lub zog hluav taws xob tiag tiag.
• ​DC microgridsKev siv DC ntau ntxiv hauv MV/LV systems rau kev sib koom ua ke dua tshiab.
• ​Cov ntaub ntawv siab heev: Cov superconductors kub siab rau kev sib kis tsis poob.

​Xaus lus​

Kev faib tawm hluav taws xob ua kom muaj kev sib txuas ntawm lub zog los ntawm tiam mus rau kev siv. Txawm hais tias qhov hluav taws xob qis thiab nruab nrab muab qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nkag mus tau, qhov hluav taws xob siab thiab siab heev ua rau muaj peev xwm nthuav dav thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo. Thaum cov grids hloov pauv mus rau kev faib tawm thiab kev ruaj khov, cov qauv hluav taws xob yuav txuas ntxiv hloov kho, sib npaug kev ua haujlwm nruj nrog kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig.